carbon footprintEPD
Carbon Footprint or EPD: Which One Should You Order
Product carbon footprint or EPD? A comparison of standards, use cases, verification requirements, and costs. Make the right decision from the start.
7 min read
Articles
Practical writing about carbon accounting, GHG Protocol, and sustainability reporting.
Omnibus ICSRD
Omnibus I 2026: What Changed in CSRD for SMEs
Omnibus I narrowed the CSRD scope and introduced the value chain cap. Read what it means for SMEs in 2026 and its practical implications.
8 min read
corporate carbon footprintScope 1 2 3
Corporate Carbon Footprint: A Scope 1, 2 and 3 Guide for 2026
What Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions are and how they are calculated in accordance with the GHG Protocol. A practical guide for sustainability managers.
13 min read
double materialityVSME
Double Materiality Assessment for SMEs: a Lightweight Model for VSME Reporting
What double materiality means for an SME and how to carry it out efficiently for VSME reporting in 2026. A practical model with examples.
9 min read
scope 3GHG Protocol
Emissions overlap: why the same tonne appears on multiple companies' reports
Why does the same emission tonne appear on multiple companies' Scope 3 reports? The logic of the GHG Protocol, implications for targets, and common misconceptions.
6 min read
emission factorsdata sources
Emission Factors and Data Sources in Carbon Accounting
Where do emission factors come from and how do you choose the right source? We walk through the use cases for Lipasto, AIB, IEA, DEFRA, and EXIOBASE.
7 min read
verificationISO 14064-3
Emissions Verification: When and Why It Is Required
When does a carbon footprint calculation need to be verified, and what does ISO 14064-3 require? We walk through assurance levels and the process in practice.
8 min read
GHG Protocolemissions accounting
GHG Protocol in a nutshell: what SMEs need to know
The GHG Protocol is the most widely used standard for corporate-level emissions accounting. We explain its structure, scope categories, and organisational boundary options from an SME perspective.
8 min read
ISO 14067PCF
The ISO 14067 Process in Practice: How a Product Carbon Footprint is Calculated
ISO 14067 step by step: system boundary, functional unit, cut-off rules, biogenic carbon, and GWP. What data you need and in what order.
8 min read
PCFLCA
PCF vs LCA: When Do You Need Which?
Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) or Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)? A comparison of standards, scope, costs, and use cases.
7 min read
low-carbon constructionbuilding product EPD
Low-carbon construction and building product EPDs: what manufacturers need to know
The Finnish Building Act, EU Taxonomy, and EN 15804 are shaping requirements for building products. What does an EPD require and where should a manufacturer start?
9 min read
product carbon footprintLCA
Product Carbon Footprint, LCA and EPD: A Guide for 2026
What do PCF, LCA and EPD mean, how do they differ, and which one do you need? A practical guide to standards, processes and costs.
12 min read
SBTinet zero
SBTi in practice: science-based targets and Scope 3
What does SBTi require in practice, how are Scope 3 targets set, and what is the transition timeline for Corporate Net-Zero Standard V2.0 (V2.0 published 6/2026)? A concrete guide.
6 min read
Scope 1emissions accounting
Scope 1 in Practice: Where Emissions Come From and How to Calculate Them
Scope 1 covers emissions from a company's own fuels, vehicles, and refrigerants. A practical guide to data collection and calculation.
7 min read
Scope 2market-based
Scope 2: market-based vs location-based, which to report
The GHG Protocol requires Scope 2 to be reported using both methods. We explain the differences, data sources, and when each one matters.
7 min read
scope 3data collection
Scope 3 data collection: how to request emissions data from suppliers
What to ask suppliers for Scope 3 accounting and how to fill gaps when responses are missing. A practical guide to building a supplier survey.
6 min read
scope 3carbon accounting
Scope 3 Emissions and Value Chain Accounting: A Practical Guide 2026
What Scope 3 emissions mean, how to calculate all 15 categories, and how to collect data from suppliers. A concrete guide for the sustainability manager at an SME.
9 min read
VSMECSRD
VSME Reporting and CSRD for SMEs 2026: A Practical Guide
A major client has asked for a sustainability report? Learn how VSME meets the CSRD value chain requirement and how an SME can handle it efficiently in 2026.
14 min read
scope 3carbon accounting
Spend-based vs activity-based: Scope 3 calculation methods compared
What is the difference between spend-based and activity-based methods in Scope 3? Accuracy, cost, and when to use each.
5 min read
VSMEVSME Basic
VSME Basic vs Comprehensive: which module fits your SME
A comparison of VSME Basic and Comprehensive module content, workload, and cost. How to choose the right scope for your SME.
7 min read
CSRDSME
CSRD for SMEs in 2026: what your large customer is asking about your value chain
Your large customer is subject to CSRD and is requesting sustainability data from you. Read what this means for an SME in 2026 and how to respond correctly.
9 min read
EPDEnvironmental Product Declaration
EPD: What It Is and Why It Gets Requested
What an EPD is, what ISO 14025, PCR, and EN 15804 mean, and when your product needs an Environmental Product Declaration. A practical guide.
8 min read
scope 3GHG protocol
What Are Scope 3 Emissions? All 15 Categories Explained
What are Scope 3 emissions and what do the 15 categories cover? A clear breakdown of every category with examples, following the GHG Protocol.
6 min read
VSMEEFRAG
What is VSME, the voluntary sustainability reporting standard for SMEs
VSME is EFRAG's voluntary sustainability reporting standard for SMEs. Read who it is intended for and when your company needs to use it.
7 min read
CSRDvalue chain
CSRD for SMEs: What Does the Value Chain Requirement Mean in Practice?
CSRD applies to large companies, but its effects extend across the entire value chain. Here we explain what this means for smaller businesses.
2 min read
VSMEsustainability reporting
VSME Reporting in Brief: What Does It Mean for SMEs?
VSME is a sustainability reporting standard for SMEs. This article explains what VSME requires, who it is for, and how a project unfolds in practice.
2 min read
GHG ProtocolScope 3
What do Scope 1, 2 and 3 mean? A plain-language guide
The GHG Protocol divides emissions into three scopes. Understanding the distinction is essential. Scope 3 is where most emissions lie, and it's the hardest to calculate.
3 min read
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